Buy SS-31 (50mg Vials) – Peptide Partners

Product Overview & Specifications

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide investigated for its role in mitochondrial function modulation, oxidative stress reduction, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in preclinical research. Peptide Partners supplies this research-grade material for in-vitro testing, laboratory experimentation, receptor pharmacology, structural biology, and preclinical cellular research.

Published studies have examined SS-31 using human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), HepG2 liver cell lines, chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry, mitochondrial protein interaction mapping, autophagy flux assays, and apoptotic marker profiling. Research areas include cardiolipin binding, mitochondrial protein interactions, Nrf-2 pathway activation, ATG5-dependent autophagy, Bax/Bcl-2 regulation, and oxidative phosphorylation modulation.

The product name supplied for this listing is “SS-31 (50mg Vials).” Researchers should verify the exact identity, sequence, formulation, and batch-specific certificate of analysis before beginning any experiment. Findings from published SS-31 studies should not be assumed to apply to every commercial batch or formulation.

Product Specifications

Specification	Details
Product name	SS-31 (50mg Vials)
Compound type	Synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide
Primary molecular targets	Cardiolipin, mitochondrial membrane proteins, Nrf-2 transcription factor, ATG5 protein
Primary research areas	Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress responses, autophagy induction, apoptotic pathway modulation, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and mitochondrial protein interactions
Product format	50 mg vials
Vial size	50 mg
Vial capacity	3 mL
Available box combinations	100 mg, 250 mg, and 500 mg
Multi-vial purity	99.68%
Independent testing	Yes
Endotoxin screening	Passed
Heavy-metals screening	Passed
Purity screening	Passed
Manufacturer ID	WF03
Batch ID	SS202602
Cost per milligram	$2.25–$3.20

The stated 99.68% purity is based on multi-vial testing. Researchers should review the batch-specific certificate of analysis before beginning any experiment.

Primary Research Studies & Findings

SS-31 Protect Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from H2O2-Induced Cell Injury by Reducing Apoptosis

Authors: Jie Bai, Yumei Yang, Dingting Wu, and Fan Yang

Publication: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (Wiley), 2021

DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13484

Reference: View publication

This in vitro study investigated the protective effects of SS-31 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE-19 cell line). The results demonstrated that SS-31 pretreatment attenuated the loss of cell viability and reduced both oxidative damage and apoptosis in H2O2-treated RPE cells.

Mechanistically, SS-31 was found to significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), and the transcription factor Nrf-2. Furthermore, SS-31 inhibited apoptosis by downregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

These findings suggest that SS-31 exerts its protective effects by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defense system and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway in RPE cells. The research demonstrates SS-31’s capacity to modulate both oxidative stress responses and cell survival pathways in retinal cell models.

Plain-English Research Summary

This lab study looked at how the peptide SS-31 could protect eye cells from damage. The researchers used a chemical (hydrogen peroxide) to create stress in human retinal cells, similar to the kind of damage that can lead to retinal degeneration. They found that when the cells were treated with SS-31 beforehand, they were better able to survive and had less damage. SS-31 worked by boosting the cells’ own natural defense systems against damage and by preventing the cells from self-destructing. This suggests that SS-31 could be a potential treatment to protect the retina from diseases that involve this type of cell damage.

SS-31 Inhibits the Inflammatory Response by Increasing ATG5 and Promoting Autophagy in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated HepG2 Cells

Authors: Yunan Mo, Songyun Deng, Yuhang Ai, and Wenchao Li

Publication: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (ScienceDirect), 2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.04.045

Reference: View publication

This in vitro study investigated the effects of the peptide SS-31 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HepG2 human liver cells. The researchers found that SS-31 treatment increased the levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), which in turn promoted autophagic flux in the cells. This enhanced autophagy was shown to be the mechanism by which SS-31 exerted its anti-inflammatory effects.

Specifically, SS-31 was observed to increase the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the anti-inflammatory action was diminished when ATG5 was knocked down. The study concludes that SS-31 protects HepG2 cells from LPS-induced inflammation by upregulating ATG5-dependent autophagy.

The findings establish a mechanistic link between SS-31 treatment, autophagy induction, and inflammatory response modulation in liver cell models. The research demonstrates that SS-31’s anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through enhancement of cellular clearance mechanisms.

Plain-English Research Summary

This research explored how the peptide SS-31 can protect liver cells from inflammation. In the lab, scientists used a substance called LPS to create an inflammatory response in human liver cells. They discovered that SS-31 helps the cells to clean out waste and damaged parts through a process called autophagy, which is like a cellular recycling system. SS-31 boosts this cleaning process by increasing a key protein called ATG5. By enhancing this natural cleaning mechanism, SS-31 was able to reduce the inflammation in the liver cells, suggesting it could be a promising agent for treating liver inflammation.

Mitochondrial Protein Interaction Landscape of SS-31

Authors: Juan D. Chavez, Xiaoting Tang, Matthew D. Campbell, Gustavo Reyes, Philip A. Kramer, Rudy Stuppard, Andrew Keller, Huiliang Zhang, Peter S. Rabinovitch, David J. Marcinek, and James E. Bruce

Publication: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2020

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002250117

Reference: View publication

This study utilized a chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry approach to identify the mitochondrial protein interactors of the synthetic tetrapeptide SS-31 (elamipretide). The research provides direct evidence for specific interactions between SS-31 and a number of mitochondrial proteins, all of which are known to bind to cardiolipin.

The identified protein interactors are functionally categorized into two main groups: those involved in ATP production via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and those participating in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic processes. The cross-linked residues revealed binding regions on these proteins that are often in close proximity to cardiolipin-protein interaction sites.

These findings present a protein interaction landscape for SS-31, offering mechanistic insights into its therapeutic effects on mitochondrial function. The research establishes that SS-31 interacts with key proteins involved in energy production and mitochondrial metabolism, providing a molecular basis for its observed biological effects.

Plain-English Research Summary

Scientists investigated how the drug SS-31, which is known to improve the function of mitochondria (the energy factories of our cells), actually works. While it was known that SS-31 interacts with a fat molecule called cardiolipin in the mitochondria, the specific proteins it targets were a mystery. Using a sophisticated laboratory technique, the researchers were able to identify the specific proteins that SS-31 binds to. They discovered that SS-31 interacts with key proteins involved in energy production and other vital cellular processes. This research helps to explain the mechanism behind SS-31’s beneficial effects and provides a clearer picture of how it can be used to treat diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Standard Research Disclaimer

Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic tests.

This product is solely intended for research purposes as a chemical compound. It is designated exclusively for in-vitro testing and laboratory experimentation. All information provided about this product is educational and should be evaluated by appropriately qualified research personnel.

By law, bodily introduction of this product into humans or animals is strictly prohibited. This compound must not be used, administered, or represented as a drug, food, dietary supplement, mitochondrial treatment, anti-inflammatory agent, eye treatment, liver treatment, diagnostic material, or medical treatment. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. It should be handled only by licensed and qualified professionals in an appropriately equipped laboratory and in accordance with applicable laws, institutional procedures, and relevant safety requirements.